TY - JOUR
T1 - Continuous, noninvasive, and localized microvascular tissue oximetry using visible light spectroscopy
AU - Benaron, David A.
AU - Parachikov, Ilian H.
AU - Friedland, Shai
AU - Soetikno, Roy
AU - Brock-Utne, John
AU - Van Der Starre, Peter J.A.
AU - Nezhat, Camran
AU - Terris, Martha K.
AU - Maxim, Peter G.
AU - Carson, Jeffrey J.L.
AU - Razavi, Mahmood K.
AU - Gladstone, Hayes B.
AU - Fincher, Edgar F.
AU - Hsu, Christopher P.
AU - Clark, F. Landon
AU - Cheong, Wai Fung
AU - Duckworth, Joshua L.
AU - Stevenson, David K.
PY - 2004/6
Y1 - 2004/6
N2 - Background: The authors evaluated the ability of visible light spectroscopy (VLS) oximetry to detect hypoxemia and ischemia in human and animal subjects. Unlike near-infrared spectroscopy or pulse oximetry (Spo 2), VLS tissue oximetry uses shallow-penetrating visible light to measure microvascular hemoglobin oxygen saturation (Sto2) in small, thin tissue volumes. Methods: In pigs, Sto2 was measured in muscle and enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (Spo2 = 40-96%), and ischemia (occlusion, arrest). In patients, Sto2 Was measured in skin, muscle, and oral/enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (Spo2 = 60-99%), and ischemia (occlusion, compression, ventricular fibrillation). Results: In pigs, normoxic Sto2 was 71 ± 4% (mean ± SD), without differences between sites, and decreased during hypoxemia (muscle, 11 ± 6%; P < 0.001) and ischemia (colon, 31 ± 11%; P < 0.001). In patients, mean normoxic Sto2 ranged from 68 to 77% at different sites (733 measures, 111 subjects); for each noninvasive site except skin, variance between subjects was low (e.g., colon, 69% ± 4%, 40 subjects; buccal, 77% ± 3%, 21 subjects). During hypoxemia, Sto 2 correlated with Spo2 (animals, r2 = 0.98; humans, r2 = 0.87). During ischemia, Sto2 initially decreased at -1.3 ± 0.2%/s and decreased to zero in 3-9 (r2 = 0.94). Ischemia was distinguished from normoxia and hypoxemia by a widened pulse/VLS saturation difference (Δ < 30% during normoxia or hypoxemia vs. Δ > 35% during ischemia). Conclusions: VLS oximetry provides a continuous, noninvasive, and localized measurement of the Sto2, sensitive to hypoxemia, regional, and global ischemia. The reproducible and narrow Sto2 normal range for oral/enteric mucosa supports use of this site as an accessible and reliable reference point for the VLS monitoring of systemic flow.
AB - Background: The authors evaluated the ability of visible light spectroscopy (VLS) oximetry to detect hypoxemia and ischemia in human and animal subjects. Unlike near-infrared spectroscopy or pulse oximetry (Spo 2), VLS tissue oximetry uses shallow-penetrating visible light to measure microvascular hemoglobin oxygen saturation (Sto2) in small, thin tissue volumes. Methods: In pigs, Sto2 was measured in muscle and enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (Spo2 = 40-96%), and ischemia (occlusion, arrest). In patients, Sto2 Was measured in skin, muscle, and oral/enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (Spo2 = 60-99%), and ischemia (occlusion, compression, ventricular fibrillation). Results: In pigs, normoxic Sto2 was 71 ± 4% (mean ± SD), without differences between sites, and decreased during hypoxemia (muscle, 11 ± 6%; P < 0.001) and ischemia (colon, 31 ± 11%; P < 0.001). In patients, mean normoxic Sto2 ranged from 68 to 77% at different sites (733 measures, 111 subjects); for each noninvasive site except skin, variance between subjects was low (e.g., colon, 69% ± 4%, 40 subjects; buccal, 77% ± 3%, 21 subjects). During hypoxemia, Sto 2 correlated with Spo2 (animals, r2 = 0.98; humans, r2 = 0.87). During ischemia, Sto2 initially decreased at -1.3 ± 0.2%/s and decreased to zero in 3-9 (r2 = 0.94). Ischemia was distinguished from normoxia and hypoxemia by a widened pulse/VLS saturation difference (Δ < 30% during normoxia or hypoxemia vs. Δ > 35% during ischemia). Conclusions: VLS oximetry provides a continuous, noninvasive, and localized measurement of the Sto2, sensitive to hypoxemia, regional, and global ischemia. The reproducible and narrow Sto2 normal range for oral/enteric mucosa supports use of this site as an accessible and reliable reference point for the VLS monitoring of systemic flow.
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U2 - 10.1097/00000542-200406000-00019
DO - 10.1097/00000542-200406000-00019
M3 - Article
C2 - 15166566
AN - SCOPUS:2542450814
SN - 0003-3022
VL - 100
SP - 1469
EP - 1475
JO - Anesthesiology
JF - Anesthesiology
IS - 6
ER -