Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes

P. B. Pennell; A. M. Klein; N. Browning; G. A. Baker; J. Clayton-Smith; L. A. Kalayjian; J. D. Liporace; M. Privitera; T. Crawford; D. W. Loring; K. J. Meador; David Labiner; Jennifer Moon; Scott Sherman; Deborah T.C. Cantrell; Cheryl Silver; Monisha Goyal; Mike R. Schoenberg; Alison Pack; Christina Palmese; Joyce Echo; Kimford J. Meador; David Loring; Page Pennell; Daniel Drane; Eugene Moore; Megan Denham; Charles Epstein; Jennifer Gess; Sandra Helmers; Thomas Henry; Gholam Motamedi; Erin Flax; Edward Bromfield; Katrina Boyer; Barbara Dworetzky; Andrew Cole; Lucila Halperin; Sara Shavel-Jessop; Gregory Barkley; Barbara Moir; Cynthia Harden; Tara Tamny-Young; Gregory P Lee; Patricia Penovich; Donna Minter; Layne Moore; Kathryn Murdock; Joyce Liporace; Kathryn Wilcox; Andres Kanner; Michael N. Nelson; William Rosenfeld; Michelle Meyer; Jill Clayton-Smith; George Mawer; Usha Kini; Roy Martin; Michael Privitera; Jennifer Bellman; David Ficker; Lyle Baade; Kore Liow; Alison Booth; Rebecca Bromley; Miranda Casswell; Claire Barrie; Eugene Ramsay; Patricia Arena; Laura Kalayjian; Christianne Heck; Sonia Padilla; John Miller; Gail Rosenbaum; Alan Wilensky; Tawnya Constantino; Julien Smith; Naghme Adab; Gisela Veling-Warnke; Maria Sam; Cormac O'Donovan; Cecile Naylor; Shelli Nobles; Cesar Santos; Gregory L. Holmes; Maurice Druzin; Martha Morrell; Lorene Nelson; Richard Finnell; Mark Yerby; Khosrow Adeli; Peter Wells; Nancy Browning; Temperance Blalock; Todd Crawford; Linda Hendrickson; Bernadette Jolles; Meghan Kelly Kunchai; Hayley Loblein; Yinka Ogunsola; Steve Russell; Jamie Winestone; Mark Wolff; Phyllis Zaia; Thad Zajdowicz

doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010

Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes

P. B. Pennell, A. M. Klein, N. Browning, G. A. Baker, J. Clayton-Smith, L. A. Kalayjian, J. D. Liporace, M. Privitera, T. Crawford, D. W. Loring, K. J. Meador, David Labiner, Jennifer Moon, Scott Sherman, Deborah T.C. Cantrell, Cheryl Silver, Monisha Goyal, Mike R. Schoenberg, Alison Pack, Christina PalmeseJoyce Echo, Kimford J. Meador, David Loring, Page Pennell, Daniel Drane, Eugene Moore, Megan Denham, Charles Epstein, Jennifer Gess, Sandra Helmers, Thomas Henry, Gholam Motamedi, Erin Flax, Edward Bromfield, Katrina Boyer, Barbara Dworetzky, Andrew Cole, Lucila Halperin, Sara Shavel-Jessop, Gregory Barkley, Barbara Moir, Cynthia Harden, Tara Tamny-Young, Gregory P Lee, Patricia Penovich, Donna Minter, Layne Moore, Kathryn Murdock, Joyce Liporace, Kathryn Wilcox, Andres Kanner, Michael N. Nelson, William Rosenfeld, Michelle Meyer, Jill Clayton-Smith, George Mawer, Usha Kini, Roy Martin, Michael Privitera, Jennifer Bellman, David Ficker, Lyle Baade, Kore Liow, Alison Booth, Rebecca Bromley, Miranda Casswell, Claire Barrie, Eugene Ramsay, Patricia Arena, Laura Kalayjian, Christianne Heck, Sonia Padilla, John Miller, Gail Rosenbaum, Alan Wilensky, Tawnya Constantino, Julien Smith, Naghme Adab, Gisela Veling-Warnke, Maria Sam, Cormac O'Donovan, Cecile Naylor, Shelli Nobles, Cesar Santos, Gregory L. Holmes, Maurice Druzin, Martha Morrell, Lorene Nelson, Richard Finnell, Mark Yerby, Khosrow Adeli, Peter Wells, Nancy Browning, Temperance Blalock, Todd Crawford, Linda Hendrickson, Bernadette Jolles, Meghan Kelly Kunchai, Hayley Loblein, Yinka Ogunsola, Steve Russell, Jamie Winestone, Mark Wolff, Phyllis Zaia, Thad Zajdowicz

Occupational Therapy

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

49 Scopus citations

Abstract

Offspring of women with epilepsy (WWE) on AEDs are at increased risks for major congenital malformations and reduced cognition. They may be at risk for other adverse neonatal outcomes. Women with epilepsy on carbamazepine (CBZ), lamotrigine (LTG), phenytoin (PHT), or valproate (VPA) monotherapy were enrolled in a prospective, observational, multicenter study of the neurodevelopmental effects of AEDs. The odds ratio for small for gestational age (SGA) was higher for VPA vs. PHT, VPA vs. LTG, and CBZ vs. PHT. Microcephaly rates were elevated to 12% for all newborns and at 12. months old, but normalized by age 24. months. Reduced Apgar scores occurred more frequently in the VPA and PHT groups at 1. min, but scores were near normal in all groups at 5. min. This study demonstrates increased risks for being born SGA in the VPA and CBZ groups, and transiently reduced Apgar scores in the VPA and PHT groups. Differential risks among the AEDs can help inform decisions about AED selection for women during childbearing years.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	449-456
Number of pages	8
Journal	Epilepsy and Behavior
Volume	24
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010
State	Published - Aug 1 2012

Keywords

Antiepileptic drugs
Apgar
Epilepsy
Microcephaly
Neonatal
Observational cohort study
Pregnancy
Seizures
Small for gestational age (SGA)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Neurology
Clinical Neurology
Behavioral Neuroscience

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10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010

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Pennell, P. B., Klein, A. M., Browning, N., Baker, G. A., Clayton-Smith, J., Kalayjian, L. A., Liporace, J. D., Privitera, M., Crawford, T., Loring, D. W., Meador, K. J., Labiner, D., Moon, J., Sherman, S., Cantrell, D. T. C., Silver, C., Goyal, M., Schoenberg, M. R., Pack, A., ... Zajdowicz, T. (2012). Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes. Epilepsy and Behavior, 24(4), 449-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010

Pennell, PB, Klein, AM, Browning, N, Baker, GA, Clayton-Smith, J, Kalayjian, LA, Liporace, JD, Privitera, M, Crawford, T, Loring, DW, Meador, KJ, Labiner, D, Moon, J, Sherman, S, Cantrell, DTC, Silver, C, Goyal, M, Schoenberg, MR, Pack, A, Palmese, C, Echo, J, Meador, KJ, Loring, D, Pennell, P, Drane, D, Moore, E, Denham, M, Epstein, C, Gess, J, Helmers, S, Henry, T, Motamedi, G, Flax, E, Bromfield, E, Boyer, K, Dworetzky, B, Cole, A, Halperin, L, Shavel-Jessop, S, Barkley, G, Moir, B, Harden, C, Tamny-Young, T, Lee, GP, Penovich, P, Minter, D, Moore, L, Murdock, K, Liporace, J, Wilcox, K, Kanner, A, Nelson, MN, Rosenfeld, W, Meyer, M, Clayton-Smith, J, Mawer, G, Kini, U, Martin, R, Privitera, M, Bellman, J, Ficker, D, Baade, L, Liow, K, Booth, A, Bromley, R, Casswell, M, Barrie, C, Ramsay, E, Arena, P, Kalayjian, L, Heck, C, Padilla, S, Miller, J, Rosenbaum, G, Wilensky, A, Constantino, T, Smith, J, Adab, N, Veling-Warnke, G, Sam, M, O'Donovan, C, Naylor, C, Nobles, S, Santos, C, Holmes, GL, Druzin, M, Morrell, M, Nelson, L, Finnell, R, Yerby, M, Adeli, K, Wells, P, Browning, N, Blalock, T, Crawford, T, Hendrickson, L, Jolles, B, Kunchai, MK, Loblein, H, Ogunsola, Y, Russell, S, Winestone, J, Wolff, M, Zaia, P & Zajdowicz, T 2012, 'Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes', Epilepsy and Behavior, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 449-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010

@article{ae6b40d1916648cfbd245b9d088f79e1,

title = "Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes",

abstract = "Offspring of women with epilepsy (WWE) on AEDs are at increased risks for major congenital malformations and reduced cognition. They may be at risk for other adverse neonatal outcomes. Women with epilepsy on carbamazepine (CBZ), lamotrigine (LTG), phenytoin (PHT), or valproate (VPA) monotherapy were enrolled in a prospective, observational, multicenter study of the neurodevelopmental effects of AEDs. The odds ratio for small for gestational age (SGA) was higher for VPA vs. PHT, VPA vs. LTG, and CBZ vs. PHT. Microcephaly rates were elevated to 12% for all newborns and at 12. months old, but normalized by age 24. months. Reduced Apgar scores occurred more frequently in the VPA and PHT groups at 1. min, but scores were near normal in all groups at 5. min. This study demonstrates increased risks for being born SGA in the VPA and CBZ groups, and transiently reduced Apgar scores in the VPA and PHT groups. Differential risks among the AEDs can help inform decisions about AED selection for women during childbearing years.",

keywords = "Antiepileptic drugs, Apgar, Epilepsy, Microcephaly, Neonatal, Observational cohort study, Pregnancy, Seizures, Small for gestational age (SGA)",

author = "Pennell, {P. B.} and Klein, {A. M.} and N. Browning and Baker, {G. A.} and J. Clayton-Smith and Kalayjian, {L. A.} and Liporace, {J. D.} and M. Privitera and T. Crawford and Loring, {D. W.} and Meador, {K. J.} and David Labiner and Jennifer Moon and Scott Sherman and Cantrell, {Deborah T.C.} and Cheryl Silver and Monisha Goyal and Schoenberg, {Mike R.} and Alison Pack and Christina Palmese and Joyce Echo and Meador, {Kimford J.} and David Loring and Page Pennell and Daniel Drane and Eugene Moore and Megan Denham and Charles Epstein and Jennifer Gess and Sandra Helmers and Thomas Henry and Gholam Motamedi and Erin Flax and Edward Bromfield and Katrina Boyer and Barbara Dworetzky and Andrew Cole and Lucila Halperin and Sara Shavel-Jessop and Gregory Barkley and Barbara Moir and Cynthia Harden and Tara Tamny-Young and Lee, {Gregory P} and Patricia Penovich and Donna Minter and Layne Moore and Kathryn Murdock and Joyce Liporace and Kathryn Wilcox and Andres Kanner and Nelson, {Michael N.} and William Rosenfeld and Michelle Meyer and Jill Clayton-Smith and George Mawer and Usha Kini and Roy Martin and Michael Privitera and Jennifer Bellman and David Ficker and Lyle Baade and Kore Liow and Alison Booth and Rebecca Bromley and Miranda Casswell and Claire Barrie and Eugene Ramsay and Patricia Arena and Laura Kalayjian and Christianne Heck and Sonia Padilla and John Miller and Gail Rosenbaum and Alan Wilensky and Tawnya Constantino and Julien Smith and Naghme Adab and Gisela Veling-Warnke and Maria Sam and Cormac O'Donovan and Cecile Naylor and Shelli Nobles and Cesar Santos and Holmes, {Gregory L.} and Maurice Druzin and Martha Morrell and Lorene Nelson and Richard Finnell and Mark Yerby and Khosrow Adeli and Peter Wells and Nancy Browning and Temperance Blalock and Todd Crawford and Linda Hendrickson and Bernadette Jolles and Kunchai, {Meghan Kelly} and Hayley Loblein and Yinka Ogunsola and Steve Russell and Jamie Winestone and Mark Wolff and Phyllis Zaia and Thad Zajdowicz",

note = "Funding Information: Dr. Pennell receives salary support for research from the National Institutes of Health, the Milken Family Foundation, and the Epilepsy Foundation. She has received travel reimbursement from the National Institutes of Health, the Milken Family Foundation, the Epilepsy Foundation, American Epilepsy Society, and the National EpiFellows Foundation. She has received an honorarium for speaking from Atlantic Health. She also serves as a volunteer member of the American Epilepsy Society Board of Directors, the Epilepsy Research Foundation, the Professional Advisory Board for the Epilepsy Foundation, and on the editorial boards for Epilepsy Currents. Autumn M. Klein, M.D., PhD has received research support from the American Epilepsy Society, the Epilepsy Foundation and Brigham and Women's Hospital, and payment from Digitrace for EEG interpretations. Nancy Browning, PhD has received salary support for research from the National Institutes of Health. Gus Baker, PhD has received educational grants from Epilepsy Research UK, Sanofi Aventis, and UCB, research support from the Medical Research Council and National Institutes of Health, and travel support from GlaxoSmithKline; he has received payment for serving as an expert witness in litigation related to neurodevelopmental effects of antiepileptic drugs and his institution has received compensation for his lectures from UCB. Jill Clayton-Smith, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, the Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Action Medical Research, and has received payments to her institution for legal reports and for serving as an editor for the Clinical Dysmorphology journal. Laura A. Kalayjian, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, and payment for lectures for GlaxoSmithKline. Joyce D. Liporace, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health and Marinus Pharmaceuticals, consulting honorarium from GlaxoSmithKline, and payment for lectures from UCB Pharma. Michael Privitera, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, Eisai, UCB, American Epilepsy Society, Ortho McNeil, and payment to his institution for his lectures from UCB and GlaxoSmithKline, and travel reimbursement from the National Epifellows Foundation. Todd Crawford, M.S. has nothing to disclose. David W. Loring, PhD has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, Myriad Pharmaceuticals, SAM Technology, Novartis, and consultant fees from UCB Pharma and Neuropace. Dr. Meador reports receiving research support from the GlaxoSmithKline, EISAI Medical Research, Myriad Pharmaceuticals, Marinus Pharmaceuticals, NeuroPace, Pfizer, SAM Technology, Schwartz Biosciences, and UCB Pharma, the Epilepsy Foundation, and the NIH; received salary support to Emory University from the Epilepsy Consortium for research consultant work related for NeuroPace, Upsher-Smith, and Vivus; served as a consultant for Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson and Johnson (Ortho Mc Neil), Medtronics Spherics, and UCB Pharma, but the money went to a charity of the company's choice; received travel support from Sanofi Aventis; and also serves on the Professional Advisory Board for the Epilepsy Foundation and the editorial boards for Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Epilepsy & Behavior, Neurology, and Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health [ NS038455 to K.M., NS050659 to N.B.] and the United Kingdom Epilepsy Research Foundation [ RB219738 to G.B]. The study was overseen by an NIH-appointed DSMB. ",

year = "2012",

month = aug,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "24",

pages = "449--456",

journal = "Epilepsy and Behavior",

issn = "1525-5050",

publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",

number = "4",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes

AU - Pennell, P. B.

AU - Klein, A. M.

AU - Browning, N.

AU - Baker, G. A.

AU - Clayton-Smith, J.

AU - Kalayjian, L. A.

AU - Liporace, J. D.

AU - Privitera, M.

AU - Crawford, T.

AU - Loring, D. W.

AU - Meador, K. J.

AU - Labiner, David

AU - Moon, Jennifer

AU - Sherman, Scott

AU - Cantrell, Deborah T.C.

AU - Silver, Cheryl

AU - Goyal, Monisha

AU - Schoenberg, Mike R.

AU - Pack, Alison

AU - Palmese, Christina

AU - Echo, Joyce

AU - Meador, Kimford J.

AU - Loring, David

AU - Pennell, Page

AU - Drane, Daniel

AU - Moore, Eugene

AU - Denham, Megan

AU - Epstein, Charles

AU - Gess, Jennifer

AU - Helmers, Sandra

AU - Henry, Thomas

AU - Motamedi, Gholam

AU - Flax, Erin

AU - Bromfield, Edward

AU - Boyer, Katrina

AU - Dworetzky, Barbara

AU - Cole, Andrew

AU - Halperin, Lucila

AU - Shavel-Jessop, Sara

AU - Barkley, Gregory

AU - Moir, Barbara

AU - Harden, Cynthia

AU - Tamny-Young, Tara

AU - Lee, Gregory P

AU - Penovich, Patricia

AU - Minter, Donna

AU - Moore, Layne

AU - Murdock, Kathryn

AU - Liporace, Joyce

AU - Wilcox, Kathryn

AU - Kanner, Andres

AU - Nelson, Michael N.

AU - Rosenfeld, William

AU - Meyer, Michelle

AU - Clayton-Smith, Jill

AU - Mawer, George

AU - Kini, Usha

AU - Martin, Roy

AU - Privitera, Michael

AU - Bellman, Jennifer

AU - Ficker, David

AU - Baade, Lyle

AU - Liow, Kore

AU - Booth, Alison

AU - Bromley, Rebecca

AU - Casswell, Miranda

AU - Barrie, Claire

AU - Ramsay, Eugene

AU - Arena, Patricia

AU - Kalayjian, Laura

AU - Heck, Christianne

AU - Padilla, Sonia

AU - Miller, John

AU - Rosenbaum, Gail

AU - Wilensky, Alan

AU - Constantino, Tawnya

AU - Smith, Julien

AU - Adab, Naghme

AU - Veling-Warnke, Gisela

AU - Sam, Maria

AU - O'Donovan, Cormac

AU - Naylor, Cecile

AU - Nobles, Shelli

AU - Santos, Cesar

AU - Holmes, Gregory L.

AU - Druzin, Maurice

AU - Morrell, Martha

AU - Nelson, Lorene

AU - Finnell, Richard

AU - Yerby, Mark

AU - Adeli, Khosrow

AU - Wells, Peter

AU - Browning, Nancy

AU - Blalock, Temperance

AU - Crawford, Todd

AU - Hendrickson, Linda

AU - Jolles, Bernadette

AU - Kunchai, Meghan Kelly

AU - Loblein, Hayley

AU - Ogunsola, Yinka

AU - Russell, Steve

AU - Winestone, Jamie

AU - Wolff, Mark

AU - Zaia, Phyllis

AU - Zajdowicz, Thad

N1 - Funding Information: Dr. Pennell receives salary support for research from the National Institutes of Health, the Milken Family Foundation, and the Epilepsy Foundation. She has received travel reimbursement from the National Institutes of Health, the Milken Family Foundation, the Epilepsy Foundation, American Epilepsy Society, and the National EpiFellows Foundation. She has received an honorarium for speaking from Atlantic Health. She also serves as a volunteer member of the American Epilepsy Society Board of Directors, the Epilepsy Research Foundation, the Professional Advisory Board for the Epilepsy Foundation, and on the editorial boards for Epilepsy Currents. Autumn M. Klein, M.D., PhD has received research support from the American Epilepsy Society, the Epilepsy Foundation and Brigham and Women's Hospital, and payment from Digitrace for EEG interpretations. Nancy Browning, PhD has received salary support for research from the National Institutes of Health. Gus Baker, PhD has received educational grants from Epilepsy Research UK, Sanofi Aventis, and UCB, research support from the Medical Research Council and National Institutes of Health, and travel support from GlaxoSmithKline; he has received payment for serving as an expert witness in litigation related to neurodevelopmental effects of antiepileptic drugs and his institution has received compensation for his lectures from UCB. Jill Clayton-Smith, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, the Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Action Medical Research, and has received payments to her institution for legal reports and for serving as an editor for the Clinical Dysmorphology journal. Laura A. Kalayjian, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, and payment for lectures for GlaxoSmithKline. Joyce D. Liporace, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health and Marinus Pharmaceuticals, consulting honorarium from GlaxoSmithKline, and payment for lectures from UCB Pharma. Michael Privitera, M.D. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, Eisai, UCB, American Epilepsy Society, Ortho McNeil, and payment to his institution for his lectures from UCB and GlaxoSmithKline, and travel reimbursement from the National Epifellows Foundation. Todd Crawford, M.S. has nothing to disclose. David W. Loring, PhD has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, Myriad Pharmaceuticals, SAM Technology, Novartis, and consultant fees from UCB Pharma and Neuropace. Dr. Meador reports receiving research support from the GlaxoSmithKline, EISAI Medical Research, Myriad Pharmaceuticals, Marinus Pharmaceuticals, NeuroPace, Pfizer, SAM Technology, Schwartz Biosciences, and UCB Pharma, the Epilepsy Foundation, and the NIH; received salary support to Emory University from the Epilepsy Consortium for research consultant work related for NeuroPace, Upsher-Smith, and Vivus; served as a consultant for Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson and Johnson (Ortho Mc Neil), Medtronics Spherics, and UCB Pharma, but the money went to a charity of the company's choice; received travel support from Sanofi Aventis; and also serves on the Professional Advisory Board for the Epilepsy Foundation and the editorial boards for Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Epilepsy & Behavior, Neurology, and Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health [ NS038455 to K.M., NS050659 to N.B.] and the United Kingdom Epilepsy Research Foundation [ RB219738 to G.B]. The study was overseen by an NIH-appointed DSMB.

PY - 2012/8/1

Y1 - 2012/8/1

N2 - Offspring of women with epilepsy (WWE) on AEDs are at increased risks for major congenital malformations and reduced cognition. They may be at risk for other adverse neonatal outcomes. Women with epilepsy on carbamazepine (CBZ), lamotrigine (LTG), phenytoin (PHT), or valproate (VPA) monotherapy were enrolled in a prospective, observational, multicenter study of the neurodevelopmental effects of AEDs. The odds ratio for small for gestational age (SGA) was higher for VPA vs. PHT, VPA vs. LTG, and CBZ vs. PHT. Microcephaly rates were elevated to 12% for all newborns and at 12. months old, but normalized by age 24. months. Reduced Apgar scores occurred more frequently in the VPA and PHT groups at 1. min, but scores were near normal in all groups at 5. min. This study demonstrates increased risks for being born SGA in the VPA and CBZ groups, and transiently reduced Apgar scores in the VPA and PHT groups. Differential risks among the AEDs can help inform decisions about AED selection for women during childbearing years.

AB - Offspring of women with epilepsy (WWE) on AEDs are at increased risks for major congenital malformations and reduced cognition. They may be at risk for other adverse neonatal outcomes. Women with epilepsy on carbamazepine (CBZ), lamotrigine (LTG), phenytoin (PHT), or valproate (VPA) monotherapy were enrolled in a prospective, observational, multicenter study of the neurodevelopmental effects of AEDs. The odds ratio for small for gestational age (SGA) was higher for VPA vs. PHT, VPA vs. LTG, and CBZ vs. PHT. Microcephaly rates were elevated to 12% for all newborns and at 12. months old, but normalized by age 24. months. Reduced Apgar scores occurred more frequently in the VPA and PHT groups at 1. min, but scores were near normal in all groups at 5. min. This study demonstrates increased risks for being born SGA in the VPA and CBZ groups, and transiently reduced Apgar scores in the VPA and PHT groups. Differential risks among the AEDs can help inform decisions about AED selection for women during childbearing years.

KW - Antiepileptic drugs

KW - Apgar

KW - Epilepsy

KW - Microcephaly

KW - Neonatal

KW - Observational cohort study

KW - Pregnancy

KW - Seizures

KW - Small for gestational age (SGA)

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84864299256&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84864299256&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010

DO - 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.05.010

M3 - Article

C2 - 22749607

AN - SCOPUS:84864299256

VL - 24

SP - 449

EP - 456

JO - Epilepsy and Behavior

JF - Epilepsy and Behavior

SN - 1525-5050

IS - 4

ER -

Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes

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