TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of developmental exposure to silver in ionic and nanoparticle form
T2 - A study in rats
AU - Charehsaz, Mohammad
AU - Hougaard, Karin Sørig
AU - Sipahi, Hande
AU - Ekici, Asiye Işln Doǧan
AU - Kaspar, Çiǧdem
AU - Culha, Mustafa
AU - Bucurgat, Ülkü Ündeǧer
AU - Aydin, Ahmet
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank Yeditepe University for support to carry out this work. Karin Sørig Hougaard was supported by a grant from the Danish Working Environment Fund for the Danish Centre for Nanosafety (grant 20110092173/3).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The Author(s).
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - Background: Evaluations of silver in both nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) and ionic forms indicate some adverse effects on living organisms, but little is known about their potential for developmental toxicity. In this study, developmental toxicity of Ag-NPs (from 0.2 to 20 mg/kg/day) and ionic Ag (AgNO3, 20 mg Ag/kg/day) were investigated in rats. Methods: Animals were dosed by gavage from gestation day 7 - 20. The day after parturition, dams and pups were sacrificed and Ag level assessed in several maternal and pup organs. In addition, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters and histopathology were evaluated. Results: No treatment related effects were found for gestational parameters including pregnancy length, maternal weight gain, implantations, birth weight and litter size at any dose level of Ag-NPs. Maternal weight gain was lower in dams receiving AgNO3 compared to the other groups, suggesting that the ionic form may exert a higher degree of toxicity compared to the NP form. Tissue contents of Ag were higher in all treated groups compared to control dams and pups, indicating transfer of Ag across the placenta. The findings furthermore suggest that Ag may induce oxidative stress in dams and their offspring, although significant induction was only observed after dosing with AgNO3. Histopathological examination of brain tissue revealed a high incidence of hippocampal sclerosis in dams treated with nanoparticle as well as ionic Ag. Conclusion: The difference in offspring deposition patterns between ionic and NP Ag and the observations in dam brain tissue, requires scrutiny, and, if corroborated, indicate that ionic and NP forms maybe need separate risk assessments and that the hazard ratings of silver in both ionic and nanoparticle forms should be increased, respectively. Trial registration: Not applicable. Graphical abstract: Developmental Toxicity of Ag-NPs.
AB - Background: Evaluations of silver in both nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) and ionic forms indicate some adverse effects on living organisms, but little is known about their potential for developmental toxicity. In this study, developmental toxicity of Ag-NPs (from 0.2 to 20 mg/kg/day) and ionic Ag (AgNO3, 20 mg Ag/kg/day) were investigated in rats. Methods: Animals were dosed by gavage from gestation day 7 - 20. The day after parturition, dams and pups were sacrificed and Ag level assessed in several maternal and pup organs. In addition, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters and histopathology were evaluated. Results: No treatment related effects were found for gestational parameters including pregnancy length, maternal weight gain, implantations, birth weight and litter size at any dose level of Ag-NPs. Maternal weight gain was lower in dams receiving AgNO3 compared to the other groups, suggesting that the ionic form may exert a higher degree of toxicity compared to the NP form. Tissue contents of Ag were higher in all treated groups compared to control dams and pups, indicating transfer of Ag across the placenta. The findings furthermore suggest that Ag may induce oxidative stress in dams and their offspring, although significant induction was only observed after dosing with AgNO3. Histopathological examination of brain tissue revealed a high incidence of hippocampal sclerosis in dams treated with nanoparticle as well as ionic Ag. Conclusion: The difference in offspring deposition patterns between ionic and NP Ag and the observations in dam brain tissue, requires scrutiny, and, if corroborated, indicate that ionic and NP forms maybe need separate risk assessments and that the hazard ratings of silver in both ionic and nanoparticle forms should be increased, respectively. Trial registration: Not applicable. Graphical abstract: Developmental Toxicity of Ag-NPs.
KW - Hippocampal sclerosis
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - Pregnancy
KW - Rat
KW - Silver
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U2 - 10.1186/s40199-016-0162-9
DO - 10.1186/s40199-016-0162-9
M3 - Article
C2 - 27716437
AN - SCOPUS:85013192775
SN - 1560-8115
VL - 24
JO - DARU, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
JF - DARU, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
IS - 1
M1 - 24
ER -