TY - JOUR
T1 - Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective
AU - Lokeshwar, Soum D.
AU - Lopez, Maite
AU - Sarcan, Semih
AU - Aguilar, Karina
AU - Morera, Daley S.
AU - Shaheen, Devin M.
AU - Lokeshwar, Bal L.
AU - Lokeshwar, Vinata B.
N1 - Funding Information:
The research reported in this publication was partly supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, under the award 1R01CA227277-04 (VBL), and by the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC) of the Department of Defense, under award number W81XWH-18-1-0277 (VBL). Merit Review Award # 5I01BX003862-02 from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service (BLL); J. Harold Harrison M.D. Endowment Chair and Augusta University Start-up funds (BLL, VBL). Semih Sarcan is a fellow/student of the BMEP-Biomedical Sciences Education Program.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/6/1
Y1 - 2022/6/1
N2 - Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low-and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, “-omic” approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
AB - Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low-and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, “-omic” approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
KW - bladder cancer stem cells
KW - genomic/transcriptomic profiling
KW - intra-tumor heterogeneity
KW - lineage plasticity
KW - molecular oncology
KW - molecular subtypes
KW - prognostic markers
KW - urine biomarkers
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U2 - 10.3390/cancers14112578
DO - 10.3390/cancers14112578
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85130776209
SN - 2072-6694
VL - 14
JO - Cancers
JF - Cancers
IS - 11
M1 - 2578
ER -