TY - JOUR
T1 - The policing of patriotism
T2 - African American athletes and the expression of dissent
AU - Rounds, Christopher D.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 North American Society for Sport History. All rights reserved.
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - From the "Noble Experiment" of baseball player Jackie Robinson to the national anthem protests initiated by football player Colin Kaepernick, the manner in which African American athletes have responded to demands that they demonstrate their patriotism has been critiqued and regulated at every turn. This article seeks to chronicle that history, by exploring the experiences not only of Robinson and Kaepernick but all African Americans who, throughout the history of sport, have challenged preconceived notions and displays of patriotism. This includes boxer Muhammad Ali and sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos, among several lesser-known figures. What is remarkable is the connective tissue, the degree to which the activism of athletes from Robinson to Kaepernick, and the reactions to it, has not fundamentally altered in seven decades.
AB - From the "Noble Experiment" of baseball player Jackie Robinson to the national anthem protests initiated by football player Colin Kaepernick, the manner in which African American athletes have responded to demands that they demonstrate their patriotism has been critiqued and regulated at every turn. This article seeks to chronicle that history, by exploring the experiences not only of Robinson and Kaepernick but all African Americans who, throughout the history of sport, have challenged preconceived notions and displays of patriotism. This includes boxer Muhammad Ali and sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos, among several lesser-known figures. What is remarkable is the connective tissue, the degree to which the activism of athletes from Robinson to Kaepernick, and the reactions to it, has not fundamentally altered in seven decades.
KW - African American
KW - Athletics/sports
KW - Patriotism
KW - Protest
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U2 - 10.1353/SPH.2020.0025
DO - 10.1353/SPH.2020.0025
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85095700325
SN - 0094-1700
VL - 47
SP - 111
EP - 127
JO - Journal of sport history
JF - Journal of sport history
IS - 2
ER -